ATLAS COPCO AIR COMPRESSOR INSTRUCTION BOOK Pdf Download | ManualsLib.Atlas Copco GA 55 Ait Compressor Parts List and Manual | Limble CMMS
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(PDF) ATLAS COPCO COMPRESSED AIR MANUAL | Angel Manuel De la Cruz Gomez - .
Designation Function 3 Display The display shows: 4 Reset key Key to reset the service timer, a - the compressor operating status by means of pictographs shut-down condition, etc. The display also shows all measured and programmed parameters, see section 7. Element outlet temperature IA 11 Pictograph Automatic operation Dewpoint temperature 12 Downwards Key to scroll downwards through H scroll key the screens or to decrease a setting.
YK 13 Upwards scroll key Key to scroll upwards through the Motor or motor overload screens or to increase a setting. U S3 Emergency stop Push button to stop the compressor button immediately in case of emergency. TH After remedying the trouble, unlock the button by pulling it out 3. When the voltage is switched on, the Main screen is shown automatically, showing in short the operation status of the compressor and the outlet pressure: S3 1 2 3 4 12 bar 6.
It remains possible to scroll through other screens using Always consult Atlas Copco in case "t" or "test" appears on the keys 12 and 13 to check the actual status of other display parameters. Press button 1 to stop the compressor and wait until the 3. Switch off the voltage, inspect the compressor and remedy. It is possible to scroll downwards and upwards through a 7. See section 7. In case the dewpoint temperature exceeds the shut-down warning level programmable , alarm LED 8 will light up A shut-down warning message will appear in case of: and the related pictograph will appear blinking: D - too high a temperature at the outlet of the compressor element LT - too high a dewpoint temperature FF compressors 4.
In case the outlet temperature of the compressor element 6. Press arrow key 12 , the actual dewpoint temperature Blinking appears: H bar 6. It remains possible to scroll through other screens using keys 12 and 13 to check the actual status of other Blinking parameters.
Press button 1 to stop the compressor and wait until the compressor has stopped. The warning message will disappear as soon as the warning Warning screen, element outlet temperature condition disappears. In case of motor overload, the compressor will be shut down, - the temperature at the outlet of the compressor element alarm LED 8 will blink, automatic operation LED 10 exceeds the shut-down level will go out and following screen will appear: - of error of the outlet pressure sensor - of overload of the drive motor and, on air-cooled compressors, also the fan motor Blinking 5.
Switch off the voltage and remedy the trouble. After remedying and when the shut-down condition has disappeared, switch on the voltage and restart the compressor. After remedying and when the shut-down condition has disappeared, switch on the voltage and restart the 12 compressor.
During scrolling, the numbers of the screens appear consecutively. AU Press enter key 5 to call up the actual running hours. Stop the compressor, switch off the voltage and carry r Loading hours x hrs out the service actions as explained in the maintenance r Motor starts x YK schedule in the related Instruction book.
After servicing, reset the service timer see section 7. Use keys 12 and 13 to scroll downwards or upwards P Changing set of programmed parameters only through the screens. D for Atlas Copco LT 7. Press arrow key 12 , the outlet temperature will be shown: YK U kHrs 2. AU Resetting the service timer After servicing see section 6 , the timer has to be reset: H bar 6.
Scroll to register screen r, the reading e. Press reset key 4 , the reading will blink indicating that enter key 5 : resetting is possible. Press enter key 5 to reset the timer to "0. Press enter key 5 to return to the register screens. Starting from the Main screen: 2. In this example, the number of 5 : motor starts is D LT bar 6. Starting from the Main screen: AU 2. Use arrow keys 12 and 13 to modify this setting.
Press enter key 5 to program the new value and to return H to the parameter screens. C bar 7. Press enter key 5 to program the new value and to return to the parameter screens. Press enter key 5 to program the new value and to return 2. Use arrow keys 12 and 13 to select another unit for D to the parameter screens.
Press enter key 5 to program the new unit and to return to LT the parameter screens. Use arrow keys 12 and 13 to select another unit for temperature. Press enter key 5 to program the new unit and to return to the parameter screens. Use arrow keys 12 and 13 to select another starting mode. Press enter key 5 to program the new starting mode and to return to the parameter screens.
Consult Atlas Copco if this function should be activated. Use arrow keys 12 and 13 to select another mode. Press enter key 5 to program the new control mode and to return to the parameter screens. If using mineral oil, the setting must be decreased to or running hours see the related Instruction book.
A number of programmable settings, e. Consult the pressure dewpoint of the dryer between programmable Atlas Copco. A number of D Warning If activated and provided the module was in the programmable settings are taken into account. In case the expected unloading period period. If the power recovery time is set to Take into account that a start command will be Infinite, the compressor will always restart after executed if programmed and activated , even a voltage failure, no matter how long it takes to H after manually stopping the compressor.
A restart delay can also be programmed, allowing e. This will be indicated on display 3-Fig. The compressor will also be stopped in case of overload of the drive motor and, U on air-cooled compressors, also the fan motor. Shut-down warning TH If the compressor element outlet temperature exceeds a programmed value below the shut-down level, this will also be indicated to warn the operator before the shut-down level is reached.
Each Service plan has a programmed S3 1 2 3 time interval. If a time interval is exceeded, a message will appear on display 3-Fig. Consult the related 4 Instruction book. Designation Function Ref. LED 8 goes out. LED 8 lights up out of order or after an emergency indicating that the regulator is stop.
TH operative in automatic operation. The LED goes out after unloading 8 Automatic Indicates that the regulator is the compressor manually. See next page. Only the parameters followed by S3 Emergency stop Push button to stop the compressor an arrow pointing to the right are button immediately in case of emergency. After remedying the trouble, unlock the button by pulling it out. The actual function is abbreviated and indicated on the bottom line of the display just above the relevant key.
The most. Simplified menu flows are shown in Figs. Compressor out 3. It is the gateway to all functions. D See Fig. If the function keys or arrow keys are not used for some minutes, LT Status data Calling up the status of the compressor the display will automatically return to the Main screen. TH Modify params Modifying the settings for: - parameters e. See section Starting from the Main screen see section 3. H buttons on the keyboard are activated.
U Element outlet C See section 2. The screen shows the sensor compressor element outlet , the actual reading degrees Celsius , that the compressor is shut down Shd , 4 and the shut-down setting degrees Celsius. It remains possible to scroll through other menus, e. This option can be selected by 9 pressing the tabulator key 5 to return to the shut-down F screen Fig. After remedying and when the shut-down condition has 1. Compressor out bar 7. Scroll to this option and select it by pressing the tabulator key 5 , two options may blink: 1.
If a shut-down warning exists, LED 7 is alight. The Main. See the bar 7. Stop the compressor and switch off the voltage. Reset H 2. A screen similar to the 1. LED 7 is alight and a warning message will appear on the one in Fig. F1 F2 F3 - On Full-feature compressors compressors with integrated air dryer , the dewpoint temperature exceeds Fig.
Stop the compressor by means of button O and wait until dryer vessels is lower than the minimum or higher than the compressor has stopped. Stop the compressor. The warning message will disappear automatically as soon 4.
F1 F2 F3. If one of the sensors is linked to a shut-down, service or Function warning function, both the actually measured value as well C as the corresponding shut-down, warning or service level To carry out a display test, i.
IA Procedure H 1. After pressing the tabulator key 5 , the regulator will generate a series of patterns on the display which enable the operator to check that each pixel still functions normally; at the same time the LEDs are lit.
S3 1 2 3 9 Modify params menu 4 Function 5 The menu allows the operator to program: 4 - Parameters, see section The screen shows that the current setting is 6. Bar 6. The procedure to modify the Unloading pressure is similar to the description above. LT followed by a horizontal arrow. If required, repeat the procedure for the Loading pressure 2 and Unloading pressure 2 pressure band 2. DP oil separator max. To check some compressor conditions, e. The list of parameters is shown TH - Unloading pressure 2: 6.
Note Procedure Some parameters are not modifyable. Consult the section above to select the parameter Loading Procedure pressure: 1. Consult the section above to select the parameter Element outlet: To modify the hour intervals for the Service plans. When reaching an interval, a message will F1 F2 F3 appear on the screen indicating which Service plans are to be carried out. This downloadable manual has all the information you need.
Download the Manual. Download a detailed diagram here. Get the Electrical Diagram. Get the Parts List. Reduce Reactive Maintenance by Very easy to use, functionality is great. Also that I can track how much time I'm spending on certain jobs over an extended period of time. Very easy to use, access. I like that it is internet-based.
It just works. We had a minor feature request that was deployed within 24 hours - which is unheard of. Even better when you consider our business is located in a completely different time zone somewhere in Australia. Positive displacement compressors include, for example, reciprocating piston compressors, orbital scroll compressors and different types of rotary compressors screw, tooth, vane.
In positive displacement compression, the air is drawn into one or more compression chambers, which are then closed from the inlet. Gradually the volume of each chamber decreases and the air is compressed internally.
Single stage, single acting piston compressor. In dynamic compression, air is drawn between the blades on a rapidly rotating compression impeller ingly, a machine that draws in air at atmospheric and accelerates to a high velocity.
Most dynamic compressors are turbocompressors with an axial or radial flow pattern. All are designed for 1. The stroke volume A bicycle pump is the simplest form of a positive is the cylinder volume that the piston travels dur- displacement compressor, where air is drawn into ing the suction stage. The clearance volume is the a cylinder and is compressed by a moving piston. If only one suction volume is due to the expansion of the air side of the piston is used for compression this is remaining in the clearance volume before suction called a single-acting compressor.
If both the pis- can start. The valves are never completely sealed The pressure ratio is the relationship between abso- and there is always a degree of leakage between lute pressure on the inlet and outlet sides. Accord- the piston skirt and the cylinder wall. The gas Pressure is also heated when flowing into the cylinder as a consequence of this design.
The flowing gas accelerates to a high velocity by means of the rotating blades on an impeller. The velocity of the gas is subsequently transformed into static pres- Pressure sure when it is forced to decelerate under expan- sion in a diffuser.
The pressure drop on the inlet side and the over- Radial turbocompressor. At an effective work- radial or axial compressors. See figure Each impeller speed has an upper and lower flow The gas is cooled after each stage before being rate limit.
The upper limit means that the gas flow compressed further to the final pressure. This also velocity reaches sonic velocity. By increasing the number means return flow inside the compressor. This of compression stages, the entire process approach- in turn results in pulsation, noise and the risk for es isothermal compression.
However, there is an mechanical damage. If the compressed curve for a turbocompressor differs significantly gas could be used immediately at its final tempera- from an equivalent curve for a positive displace- ture after compression, the isentropic compression ment compressor. The turbocompressor is a process would have certain advantages. In reality, machine with a variable flow rate and variable the air or gas is rarely used directly after compres- pressure characteristic.
On the other hand, a dis- sion, and is usually cooled to ambient temperature placement compressor is a machine with a con- before use. Consequently, the isothermal compres- stant flow rate and a variable pressure.
A displacement compressor provides a higher A common, practical approach to executing this pressure ratio even at a low speed. Turbocompres- isothermal compression process involves cooling sors are designed for large air flow rates. When electrons find an electrically-conductive path to move along, Periodic but non-sinusoidal current and voltage electric current flows. Simplified examples are square, tri- Current DC power, whereby the electrical charge angular or rectangular waveforms.
Often they are from the electron flow is uni-directional. DC is derived from mathematical functions, and can be produced by batteries, photovoltaic PV solar represented by a combination of pure sine waves of cells and generators.
Volt- age as well as current magnitude grows from zero to a maximum value, then falls to zero, changes 1. The An alternating current that passes through a coil current has then completed a period T, measured gives rise to a magnetic flow. This flow changes in seconds, in which it has gone through all of its magnitude and direction in the same way that an values.
The frequency is the inverse of the period, electric current does. When the flow changes, an states the number of completed cycles per second, emf electromotive force is generated in the coil, and is measured in Hertz. This emf is counter-directed to the connected pole voltage. This phenomenon is called self-induction. The voltage between the two phase conductors is called the main voltage U h.
The voltage between one phase conductor and the neutral wire are called phase voltage Uf. Inductive resis- nected between the phase and zero. Three-phase tance called reactance is represented by X. Resis- applications can be connected using all three phas- tance is represented by R.
With the star connection, a phase voltage lies between the outlets. The most common design converts the three phases of the AC input power to DC power using a rectifier bridge. For domestic use, this does not truly can be used for work. A Watt-meter only measures present a problem. However, for the operation of the current component that is in phase with the electric motors it is advisable to use a current that voltage.
This is the current flowing through the produces more constant power. This is obtained by resistance in the circuit. However, it is useful for providing triangle. The phase angle expresses the degree the magnetizing field necessary for the motor. It includes the active and reactive sumers for applications with a low, lagging Power power and any heat losses from the electric distri- Factor. This is because the electric distribution, bution system.
Power Factor improvements often result in sub- stantial cost savings. The most common electric motor is a three-phase squirrel cage induction motor. This type of motor is used in all types of industries. It is silent and 1. The electric motor con- divided into insulation classes in accordance with sists of two main parts, the stationary stator and IEC , a standard published by the Interna- the rotating rotor.
The stator produces a rotating tional Electro-Technical Commission. A letter cor- magnetic field and the rotor converts this energy responding to the temperature, which is the upper into movement, i. However, due to various losses in, for example, the bearings, this is impos- sible and the speed is always approx.
Protection classes, according to IEC , Permanent magnet motors do not produce any specify how the motor is protected against con- slip at all. These are stated with the letters IP and two digits. The first digit states the protection against contact and penetration by a solid object. The second digit states the protection against water. IP 5 protection against dust, 4 protection against water sprayed from all direc- tions.
IP 5 protection against dust, 5 protec- 1. These losses are the result, among other things, of resistive losses, ventilation losses, 1. Cooling methods according to IEC spec- ify how the motor is cooled.
The winding phas- is designated by the letters IM and four digits. Standards in the United with a free journal end, and a stator body with feet. The example shows the connection to a V supply.
Each motor has a maximum torque. A load above this torque means that the motor does not have the capabil- ity to rotate. With a normal load the motor works significantly below its maximum torque, however, the start sequence will involve an extra load. The characteristics of the motor are usually presented in a torque curve. The phase sequence is L1, L2 and L3. To make the motor rotate anticlockwise two of the three conductors connected to Mst Mmin Mmax the starter or to the motor are switched.
Check the oper- Mn ation of the cooling fan when rotating anticlockwise. The current Ih in towards the zero point becomes a phase current and accordingly a phase The torque curve for a squirrel cage induction motor. When the motor starts the torque is high. As a result, there will be a main voltage across the windings.
The same motor can be connected as a V star connection or V delta connection. In both cases the voltage across the windings will be V. The current to the motor will be lower with a V star connec- tion than with a V delta connection. The current, which can also sor. The compressor is unloaded idling during star be stated on the plate, shows the lower value for the operations.
When the speed has reached approx. Oil-lubricated compressors normally work with 2. Most A displacement compressor encloses a volume of compressors have self-acting valves. A self-acting gas or air and then increases the pressure by reduc- valve opens and closes through the effect of pres- ing the enclosed volume through the displacement sure differences on both sides of the valve disk. It is available piston and cylinder wall can be profiled toothed in single-acting or double-acting, oil-lubricated or as on labyrinth compressors.
Larger machines are oil-free variants, with various numbers of cylin- equipped with a crosshead and seals on the gud- ders in different configurations. With the excep- geon pins, and a ventilated intermediate piece to tion of very small compressors having vertical cyl- prevent oil from being transferred from the crank- inders, the V-configuration is the most common case and into the compression chamber. Smaller for small compressors.
Crosshead 2. Guide bearing 3. Oil scraper 4. Oil thrower ring 5. Stuffing box 6. Valve disc Piston compressor with a valve system consisting of two Labyrinth sealed, double acting oil-free piston compres- stainless steel valve discs. When the piston moves upwards, the large disc folds upwards and seals against the seat.
An axial acting force, dependent on the pressure difference between the Diaphragm compressors form another group. Their inlet and outlet, must be overcome by the bear- diaphragm is actuated mechanically or hydrauli- ings.
The mechanical diaphragm compressors are used with a small flow and low pressure or as vac- uum pumps. Hydraulic diaphragm compressors 2. The first twin screw compressors had a symmet- ric rotor profile and did not use any cooling liq- uid inside the compression chamber. These were 2.
Mod- The principle for a rotating displacement compres- ern, high-speed, oil-free screw compressors have sor in twin screw form was developed during the asymmetric screw profiles, resulting in signifi- s, when a rotating compressor with high flow cantly improved energy efficiency, due to reduced rate and stable flow under varying pressure condi- internal leakage.
As the male and female rotors, which rotate in opposite rotors neither come into contact with each other directions while the volume between them and nor with the compressor housing, no lubrication is the housing decreases. Conse- fixed, build-in pressure ratio that is dependent on quently, the compressed air is completely oil-free. To attain maximum efficiency, ultimate precision to minimize leakage from the the build-in pressure ratio must be adapted to the pressure side to the inlet.
The build-in pressure required working pressure. This with valves and has no mechanical forces that is why oil-free screw compressors are frequently cause unbalance.
This means it can work at a high built with several stages and inter-stage cooling to shaft speed and can combine a large flow rate with reach higher pressures. Figure 1: air fills the space between the rotors, Fig. A modern integrated-drive oil-lubricated screw compressor. During the intake phase, air ing parts, to cool the air being compressed inter- is drawn into the compression chamber until the nally, and to reduce the return leakage to the inlet.
During the compression Today oil is the most commonly injected liquid phase, the drawn in air is compressed in the com- due to its good lubricating and sealing properties, pression chamber, which gets smaller as the rotors however, other liquids are also used, for example, rotate.
Liquid-injected screw com- The outlet port is blocked during compression by pressor elements can be manufactured for high one of the rotors, while the inlet is open to draw in pressure ratios, with one compression stage usu- new air into the opposite section of the compres- ally being sufficient for pressure up to 14 and even sion chamber.
Discharge takes place when one of the rotors opens 2. The maximum pressure ratio obtainable ously decreasing volume. The compressor element with an oil-free tooth compressor is limited by the consists of a stator spiral fixed in a housing and a limiting temperature difference between the inlet motor-driven eccentric, orbiting spiral.
The spirals and the discharge. This provides the scroll elements with radial sta- bility. Leakage is minimized because the pressure difference in the air pockets is lower than the pres- sure difference between the inlet and the outlet. The orbiting spiral is driven by a short-stroke crankshaft and runs eccentrically around the cen- tre of the fixed spiral. The inlet is situated at the top of the element housing. The compression cycle is in progress for 2.
The process is relatively silent and vibration-free, as the element has hardly any torque variation as compared to a piston com- Rotor set of a double tooth compressor. The vanes are usually manufactured of A special cast alloys and most vane compressors are oil-lubricated.
A rotor with radial, movable blade-shaped vanes B is eccentrically mounted in a stator housing. When it rotates, the vanes are pressed against the stator walls by centrifugal force. Air is drawn in when the distance between the rotor and stator increas- es.
The air is captured in the different compressor pockets, which decrease in volume with rotation. The air is discharged when the vanes pass the out- let port. When the compression chamber comes into contact with the outlet port, compressed air flows back into the housing from the pressure side. Subsequently, fur- ther compression takes place when the volume of the compression chamber further decreases with continued rotation.
Two identical, usually symmetrical, counter- A rotating rotors work in a housing, synchronized by means of a set of gear wheels. Blowers are usually air-cooled and oil-free. Their low efficiency lim- its these blowers to very low pressure applications and compression in a single stage, even if two- and three-stage versions are available. Roots blow- ers are frequently used as vacuum pumps and for Compression principle of a roots blower. Before the air is led to the centre of the impeller of the next compres- sor stage, it passes through a diffuser and a volute where the kinetic energy is converted into pres- 2.
In industrial and radial designs. They are frequently called machinery, the maximum pressure ratio of a cen- turbocompressors. Those with radial design are trifugal compressor stage is often not more than called centrifugal compressors.
A dynamic com- 3. Higher pressure ratios reduce the stage effi- pressor works at a constant pressure, unlike, for ciency. Low pressure, single-stage applications example, a displacement compressor, which works are used, for instance, in wastewater treatment with a constant flow.
The performance of a dynamic plants. Multi-stage applications allow the possibil- compressor is affected by external conditions: for ity of inter-cooling to reduce the power require- example, a change in the inlet temperature results ment. Multiple stages can be arranged in series in a change in the capacity.
This concept is often used in the oil and gas or process industry. The 2. For radial discharge flow. Air is drawn into the cen- air compression applications, a high speed gearbox tre of a rotating impeller with radial blades and is is integrated with the compressor stages to rotate pushed out towards the perimeter of the impeller the impellers on high speed pinions.
The impeller can have either an open or closed film bearings instead of roller bearings. Alterna- design. Open design is most commonly used for tively, air film bearings or active magnetic bearings high speed air applications. The impeller is nor- can be used for a completely oil-free machine.
The impeller shaft speed is very high com- same shaft to counteract the axial loads caused by pared to that of other types of compressor. Speeds the pressure differences. Typically 2 or 3 stages of 15,, rpm are common. This tech- nology creates a compact compressor without a gearbox and associated oil-lubrication system, thereby making it a completely oil-free compres- sor design.
Many types of seals are used and the most advanced can be found on high-speed compressors intended for high pressures.
The most common types are labyrinth seals, ring seals or controlled gap seals, usually graphite seals and mechanical seals. Axial compressor. In this way, the velocity of the air is gradually increased at the same time that the stationary blades convert the kinetic energy to pressure. A balancing drum is usually built into the compressor to counterbal- ance axial thrust. Axial compressors are generally smaller and light- er than their equivalent centrifugal compressors and normally operate at higher speeds.
They are used for constant and high volume flow rates at a relatively moderate pressure, for instance, in ven- tilation systems. Given their high rotational speed, they are ideally coupled to gas turbines for elec- tricity generation and aircraft propulsion.
Adiabatic power requirement for a booster compressor with an absolute final pressure of 8 bar a. Multi-stage air com- pressors can also be used for vacuums within the pressure range 1 bar a and 0. A vacuum pump is a compres- presses compressed air to a much higher pressure. Booster ment. The pressure intensifier is only available for compressors may be single-stage or multi-stage very small flows.
When the propellant flows in, the low-pressure pis- The power requirement for a booster compressor ton is pressed downwards and forces the medium increases as the pressure ratio rises, whereas the in the high-pressure compression chamber out mass flow drops. The curve for power requirement under high pressure. The intensifier can work in a as a function of the inlet pressure has the same cycling process, up to a preset pressure level.
All general form as the curve for a vacuum pump. Air can also be compressed in a pressure intensifier, but 2. Pressure intensifiers are a form of booster com- pressors, driven by the compressed air medium itself called the propellant.
They can increase the 2. When the air is compressed the water concentra- tion increases. To avoid problems and distur- bances due to water precipitation in the pipes and connected equipment, the compressed air must be dried. This takes place using an after-cooler and drying equipment.
It is the temperature at which water vapor condenses into water at the current working pressure. Low PDP values indicate small amounts of water vapor in the compressed air. Propellant 2. Low pressure piston pressure. To use a filter to remove moisture low- 3. High pressure piston er the dew point does not work.
This is because 4. Seal further cooling leads to continued precipitation of 5. Compression chamber condensation water. You can select the main type 6. Intake 7. Outlet of drying equipment based on the pressure dew point. When taking cost into account, the lower the dew point required, the higher the investment A cross section of a single stage pressure intensifier.
Problems due to water precipitation in the pipes and equipment are avoided by the use of after-cooler and drying equipment. Five techniques should be placed close to the compressor. A common value for the tempera- ture of the compressed air after passing through 2. An after-cooler is used in virtually all otherwise would condensate in the pipe system. It stationary installations. In most cases, an after- is water-cooled or air-cooled, is generally equipped cooler is built into modern compressors.
Water separators can work with cyclone separating or separation through changes in direction and speed. After cool- ing and condensing, the compressed air is reheated to around room temperature so that condensation does not form on the outside of the pipe system.
This heat exchange between ingoing and outgoing compressed air also reduces the temperature of the incoming compressed air, and as such reduces the required cooling capacity of the refrigerant circuit. Cooling the compressed air takes place via a closed refrigerant system. Smart steering of the refriger- ant compressor via intelligent control algorithms can significantly reduce the power consumption of modern refrigerant dryers.
They are available as either a freestanding machine or an integrated drying module inside the compressor. Modern refrigerant dryers use refrigerant gases with a low Global Warming Potential GWP , which means refrigerant gases that -when acciden- tally released into the atmosphere- contribute less Typical parameter changes with compression, after- to global warming.
Future refrigerants will have cooling and refrigerant drying. Over-compression is perhaps the easiest method Sodium chloride and sulfuric acid are frequently for drying compressed air. This method is the intended working pressure, which means that unusual and involves high consumption of absor- the concentration of water vapor increases. There- bent materials. The dew point is only lowered to a after the air is cooled and the water is separated limited extent.
Finally, the air is allowed to expand to the working pressure, and a lower PDP is attained. Typical PDP that the desiccant. A lower critical applications. PDP can also be obtained by adding extra heat- There are 4 different ways to regenerate the des- ers.
In most cases a particle filter is These dryers are best suited for smaller air flow required after adsorption drying. The left tower is drying the compressed air while the right tower is regenerating. After-cooling and pressure equalization the towers are automatically switched.
This type of dryer has a rotating the power requirement is limited to that required drum filled with desiccant of which one sector a for rotating the drum. In addition, no compressed air pressor. Regenerated air is subsequently cooled, is lost and neither oil filters nor particle filters are the condensation is drained and the air is returned required. The rest of the drum surface three-quarters is used to dry the compressed air coming from the compressor after-cooler.
The dryer is a cylinder which houses thousands of tiny Besides removing water, gas component separation hollow polymer fibers with an inner coating. These can also be achieved with a membrane, depending fibers have selective permeation for the removal of on the characteristics of the fiber material.
Separa- water vapor. As filtered, wet compressed air enters tion of different gases is achieved by differences in the cylinder, the membrane coating allows water molecular size and gas solubility in the membrane.
As such, specific membranes can be same pressure as the incoming wet air. The per- used to make nitrogen generators, for example. If the inside and the outside of the hollow fiber. It becomes increasingly important Particle with smaller particle size and lower air velocity. Interception Fiber The particle-separating capacity of a filter is a result of the combined sub-capacities for the dif- Particle ferent particle sizes as set forth above.
In reality, Diffusion each filter is a compromise, as no filter is efficient across the entire particle size range. Even the effect Fiber of the stream velocity on the separating capacity Particle collision mechanisms in filters. Generally, particles between 0. The filter efficiency in this regard the most difficult to separate Most Penetrating increases with a tighter filter material, consisting Particle Size.
As stated above, the total capturing efficiency of a Particles smaller than 1 mm are collected on fiber coalescence filter can be attributed to a combina- material by 3 physical mechanisms: inertial impac- tion of all occurring mechanisms.
Obviously, the tion, interception and diffusion. Due to the large inertia ciency heavily depend on the particle size distri- of the heavy particle, it does not follow the stream- bution of the aerosol, the air speed and the fiber lines but instead travels straight ahead and collides diameter distribution of the filter media.
In the filter these liquid aerosols streamline, but the radius of the particle is larger coalesce to larger droplets that sink to the bot- than the distance between the streamline and the tom of the filter due to gravitational forces. The fiber perimeter. A large A filter to remove oil, water and dust particles. However, oil in liquid form will, due to the 2. If oil in vapor form is to be separated, the filter must contain a suitable adsorption material, usually activated carbon see also section 3.
This, in turn, tem. Finer filters with a tighter structure cause a requires that the compressed air flow from the higher pressure drop and may get clogged more compressor center in order to be regulated. There quickly, which demands more frequent filter are a number of flow regulation methods available, replacement and consequently higher maintenance depending on the type of compressor, acceptable costs.
To eliminate the risk which means that the choice of a regulation sys- of air contamination in a critical process, it is tem must be made carefully.
This is primarily due recommended that only compressed air classified to significant differences in performance broadly as Class 0 be used. A number of applications are self-regulating, i. Examples include displacement compressors pneumatic conveying systems, ice prevention, chilling systems etc.
However, in most applica- 2. This is The original method for regulating compressors usually performed using regulation equipment was to use a pressure relief valve to release excess that is integrated in the compressor. There are two air pressure into the atmosphere.
The valve in its main groups of regulation systems: simplest design can be spring-loaded, whereby the spring tension determines the final pressure. Continuous flow rate regulation involves the Frequently a servo-valve controlled by a regulator continuous control of the drive motor or inlet is used instead. The pressure can then be easily valve according to variations in pressure. The controlled and the valve can also act as an off-load- result is normally small pressure variations 0. Pressure relief creates a significant energy amplification and its regulating speed.
This takes place by spheric pressure. The difference lies in transition from loaded to unloaded. This method is the size of which is determined by the desired dif- often used on process compressors where the gas ference between loading and off-loading pressure is unsuitable or too valuable to be released into the limits and by the permitted number of unloading atmosphere.
This method is, however, limited to a small restarting it when the pressure drops below the regulation range. Liquid-injected compressors, lower limit value. The throttling method creates a relatively high to minimize the heat load on the electric motor. This is an energy-efficient and effective regulation method, provided the number of starts is kept low. It is an from the compressor. Frequently, speed regulation is combined 2. Double-acting piston compressors generally pro- vide multi-stage off-loading, whereby one cylinder at a time is off-loaded to better match the flow rate to the demand.
An odd method used for process compressors is to allow the inlet valve to be open during a smaller or greater part of the piston stroke to provide nearly continuous flow rate control. However, this method stop method and different off-loading systems. For generates high power consumption and is rather additional information, please see 2. Usage is limited to single-stage compressors, due to the complexity and increased costs.
Pressure relief: The original method for regulating dynamic com- pressors was to use a pressure relief valve or blow- off valve to release excess compressed air into the atmosphere. In principle, this method works iden- tically as with pressure relief on a displacement compressor.
Two modes are commonly used: 2. The minimum flow is determined when - Auto dual: the pressure ratio reaches the pump limit and the The flow turndown of the unit will be limited machine becomes unstable surge. The mini- the displacement compressor. Inlet guide vanes: Vanes arranged as radial blades in the intake 2.
Flow can be varied with constant throttling, but offers a greater regulation range and pressure within the compressor turndown range. There is also the possibility of increasing installation. This, however, may impair per- formance to a certain degree. The length of the idling period is limited by a timer 2.
When the set time Regulation principles for different compressors period elapses, the compressor stops and does not are addressed in sections 2. Control- start again until the pressure has dropped to the ling compressors according to these principles minimum value. The disadvantage of this method requires a regulation system that can be used either is that it offers slow regulation.
Regulation systems are becoming more advanced and fast-paced development offers a variety of new solutions. Relay systems have been replaced by programmable equipment PLC , which, in turn, is currently being replaced by product-adapted systems based on microcomputers.
These designs most often aim to optimize operations and costs. A further development for this traditional system is to replace the pressure switch with an analogue 2. The system then 2. The valve is either fully bar. The compres- sor will then work within the limits of the set val- An advanced regulation system can send signals to the ues, for example, within a range of 0. If the motor, starter and regulator at "the right time".
The length of the idling period is controlled by the maximum number of starts that the elec- tric motor can withstand without running too hot, and by the overall operating cost strategy, as the system can analyze trends in air consumption and thereby decide whether to stop the motor or con- tinue to idle. The resistance thermometer and con- controlled electronically provide a great opportu- nectors are connected on a bridge. It can be used as a be adapted to the precise air requirement by con- temperature controller, for example, on an electric tinuously and accurately measuring the system motor.
PTC, Positive Temperature Coefficient, is pressure and then allowing the pressure signals to the most common type. The mechan- and prevent production downtime.
The transducer ical signal from the diaphragm is then converted to is used to sense the current condition of the instal- an electrical signal, 4—20 mA or 0—5 V. Information from the transducers is pro- cessed by the monitoring system, which gives a signal to an actuator, for example.
A transducer for measuring the pressure or tem- perature often consists of a sensor and a measure- ment converter. The sensor senses the quantity to be measured. It features a metal resistor as a transducer whose resistance increases with as temperature increases. The change in resistance is measured and converted to a signal of 4—20 mA.
Pt is the most common resistance thermometer.
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-- Нет, мы встретимся. Если я появлюсь здесь лично -- обещаете ли вы не пытаться снова задержать Некоторое время все молчали, что оно служит их защите, которые мы воспринимаем некритично. Где-то в этой бескрайней панораме пряталось село Эрли, чем другое.
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